盐分对土壤氨挥发与反硝化速率的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0883

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 海涂盐碱地是重要的土地后备资源，但其土壤结构性差，氮肥利用效率低，加之土壤钠盐含量季节与年际变化明显，土壤氮素循环过程具有显著特色。盐分作为氮素循环的重要影响因子，进一步明确其对氨挥发和反硝化速率的影响规律具有重要理论价值。通过培养试验，设置<1（即不做盐分处理，CK）、1、2、4和10 g·kg^-1共5个土壤盐分梯度，对氨挥发、反硝化速率及相关水土环境因子进行测定分析，研究盐分变化对海涂土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响规律。结果表明，高盐分梯度减弱了土壤对NH₄⁺的吸附能力，促进NH₄⁺向水体释放，同时影响pH及氮素浓度，提供碱性环境，促进NH₄⁺向NH3的转化，显著增大氨挥发速率。土壤反硝化速率随盐度升高而显著降低。nirK和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌丰度与盐度（即Na⁺浓度）呈显著负相关关系，高盐度抑制微生物活性，降低土壤反硝化速率。

关键词: 盐碱土, 盐度, 氨挥发, 反硝化

Abstract: The coastal area is an important land reserve. However, the saline-alkaline soil in coastal area is characterized by poor soil structure, low nitrogen use efficiency, and obviously seasonal and annual variation in sodium salinity changes which has resulted in an unique soil nitrogen cycle process. The sodium salinity is an important factor influencing the nitrogen cycle, so it is of great theoretical value to clarify its influence on ammonia volatilization and denitrification rate. In this study, cultivation experiments were established with five sodium salinity gradient, namely <1, 1, 2, 4, and 10 g·kg^-1, to study the effects of salinity on ammonia volatilization and denitrification in coastal soil. Ammonia volatilization and denitrification rates and related water and soil environmental parameters were measured. The results show that high salinity gradient not only reduced the NH₄⁺ adsorption capacity of soil and promoted the release of NH₄⁺ into the water, but also affected pH and nitrogen concentration. The soil environment became alkaline. Alkaline environment promoted the conversion of NH₄⁺ to NH₃, and the ammonia volatilization rate increased significantly. Soil denitrification rate decreased obviously with increasing salinity. The study also found a significant negative correlation between salinity (Na⁺ concentration) and abundance of denitrifying bacteria (nirK and nosZ genotypes). High salinity inhibited microbial activity and reduced denitrification rate.

Key words: saline-alkaline soil, salinity, ammonia volatilization, denitrification

中图分类号:

S154.1

史祯琦, 佘冬立, 陈心逸, 夏永秋. 盐分对土壤氨挥发与反硝化速率的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(11): 1458-1464.

SHI Zhen-qi, SHE Dong-li, CHEN Xin-yi, XIA Yong-qiu. Effects of Salinity on Soil Ammonia Volatilization and Denitrification Rates[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(11): 1458-1464.

参考文献

[1] 刘彦随, 李进涛.近30年中国沿海围垦土地利用格局及其驱动机制[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2020, 50(6):761-774.[LIU Yan-sui, LI Jin-tao. The Patterns and Driving Mechanisms of Reclaimed Land Use in China's Coastal Areas in Recent 30 Years[J]. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 2020, 50(6):761-774.]
[2] 朱光艳, 刘国锋, 徐增洪.冲水洗盐对滨海盐碱地盐分变化的影响[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2019, 38(增刊2):52-56.[ZHU Guang-yan, LIU Guo-feng, XU Zeng-hong.Effects of Washing Salt by Washing Water on Salinity Variation in Coastal Saline and Alkaline Land[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2019, 38(Suppl. 2):52-56.]
[3] WANG H T, GILBERT J A, ZHU Y G, et al. Salinity Is a Key Factor Driving the Nitrogen Cycling in the Mangrove Sediment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 631/632:1342-1349.
[4] 王大鹏, 杜玉赫, 罗雪华, 等.橡胶林下砖红壤不同氮肥处理氨挥发特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2018, 27(4):685-691.[WANG Da-peng, DU Yu-he, LUO Xue-hua, et al. Characteristics of Ammonia Volatilization under Different Nitrogen Managements in Red Latosol of Rubber Plantation[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 27(4):685-691.]
[5] 陈巍, 陈邦本, 沈其荣.滨海盐土脱盐过程中pH变化及碱化问题研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2000, 37(4):521-528.[CHEN Wei, CHEN Bang-ben, SHEN Qi-rong. Studies on the Changes of pH Value and Alkalization of Heavily Saline Soil in Seabeach during Its Desalting Process[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2000, 37(4):521-528.]
[6] 佘冬立, 陈心逸, 高雪梅, 等.外源氮输入对不同土地利用排水沟底泥反硝化和N₂O排放影响[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(8):3689-3695.[SHE Dong-li, CHEN Xin-yi, GAO Xue-mei, et al.Impact of Exogenous Nitrogen Import on Sediment Denitrification and N₂O Emissions in Ditches under Different Land Uses[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(8):3689-3695.]
[7] XIA Y Q, SHE D L, ZHANG W J, et al.Improving Denitrification Models by Including Bacterial and Periphytic Biofilm in a Shallow Water-sediment System[J]. Water Resources Research, 2018, 54(10):8146-8159.
[8] WANG X M, HU M J, REN H C, et al.Seasonal Variations of Nitrous Oxide Fluxes and Soil Denitrification Rates in Subtropical Freshwater and Brackish Tidal Marshes of the Min River Estuary[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 616/617:1404-1413.
[9] GAUTHIER M J, FLATAU G N, BREITTMAYER V A.Protective Effect of Glycine Betaine on Survival of Escherichia coli Cells in Marine Environments[J]. Water Science & Technology, 1991, 24(2):129-132.
[10] FEAR J M, THOMPSON S P, GALLO T E, et al. Denitrification Rates Measured along a Salinity Gradient in the Eutrophic Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA[J]. Estuaries, 2005, 28(4):608-619.
[11] 李建兵, 黄冠华.NaCl对粉壤土氨挥发及硝化、反硝化的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25(4):945-948.[LI Jian-bing, HUANG Guan-hua.Effect of NaCl on Ammonia Volatilization, Nitrification and Denitrification in Silt Loam Soil[J]. Journal of Agroenvironment Science, 2006, 25(4):945-948.]
[12] 徐万里, 刘骅, 张云舒, 等.新疆灰漠土区不同肥料配比土壤氨挥发原位监测[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(8):4565-4571.[XU Wan-li, LIU Hua, ZHANG Yun-shu, et al.In situ Monitoring of Ammonia Volatilization from Grey Desert Soil under Different in Xinjiang[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(8):4565-4571.]
[13] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京:中国农业科技出版社, 2000:84-85.
[14] 王朝辉, 刘学军, 巨晓棠, 等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定:通气法[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2002, 8(2):205-209.[WANG Zhao-hui, LIU Xue-jun, JU Xiao-tang, et al.Field in situ Determination of Ammonia Volatilization from Soil:Venting Method[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2002, 8(2):205-209.]
[15] 李晓波, 夏永秋, 郎漫, 等.N₂:Ar法直接测定淹水环境反硝化产物N₂的产生速率[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(6):1284-1288.[LI Xiao-bo, XIA Yong-qiu, LANG Man, et al.N₂:Ar Technique for Direct Determination of Denitrification Rate of Aquatic Ecosystems Using Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry[J]. Journal of Agro-environment Science, 2013, 32(6):1284-1288.]
[16] 徐万里, 刘骅, 张云舒.新疆盐渍化土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用特征[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 35(11):141-145.[XU Wan-li, LIU Hua, ZHANG Yun-shu.Characteristics of Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in Salinized Soils of Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2007, 35(11):141-145.]
[17] 梁飞, 田长彦.土壤盐渍化对尿素与磷酸脲氨挥发的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2011, 31(14):3999-4006.[LIANG Fei, TIAN Changyan.Effects of Soil Salinization on Ammonia Volatilization Characteristics of Urea and Urea Phosphate[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(14):3999-4006.]
[18] AWAD EL-KARIM A H, EL-MAHI Y E, EL-TILIP A M.The Influence of Soil Type, Salinity and Sodicity on Ammonia Volatilization in Soils Fertilized with Urea[J]. Annals of Agricultural Science, 2004, 49:401-411.
[19] 闵伟, 侯振安, 梁永超, 等.土壤盐度和施氮量对灰漠土尿素N转化的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2012, 43(6):1372-1379.[MIN Wei, HOU Zhen-an, LIANG Yong-chao, et al. Effects of Soil Salinity Level and Nitrogen Rate on Urea-N Transformation in Grey Desert Soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2012, 43(6):1372-1379.]
[20] JONES D L, SHANNON D, MURPHY D V, et al.Role of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) in Soil N Cycling in Grassland Soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004, 36(5):749-756.
[21] NEJIDAT A.Nitrification and Occurrence of Salt-tolerant Nitrifying Bacteria in the Negev Desert Soils[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2005, 52(1):21-29.
[22] DANCER W S, PETERSON L A, CHESTERS G.Ammonification and Nitrification of N as Influenced by Soil pH and Previous N Treatments[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1973, 37(1):67-69.
[23] 段争虎, 周玉麟, 吴守仁.土壤特性对氨挥发影响的研究[J]. 土壤通报, 1990, 21(3):131-134, 139.
[24] RYSGAARD S, THASTUM P, DALSGAARD T, et al.Effects of Salinity on NH₄⁺ Adsorption Capacity, Nitrification, and Denitrification in Danish Estuarine Sediments[J]. Estuaries, 1999, 22(1):21-30.
[25] 俞琳, 王东启, 邓焕广, 等.上海市苏州河与崇明岛河流沉积物反硝化速率及其影响因素[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2015, 31(1):100-105.[YU Lin, WANG Dong-qi, DENG Huan-guang, et al.Denitrification Rates in Sediments of Suzhou River and Rivers in Chongming Island of Shanghai and Their Affecting Factors[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2015, 31(1):100-105.]
[26] GAO J, HOU L J, ZHENG Y L, et al. NirS-encoding Denitrifier Community Composition, Distribution, and Abundance along the Coastal Wetlands of China[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2016, 100(19):8573-8582.
[27] 邱金泉, 王静, 张雨山.人工湿地处理高盐度污水的适用性及研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2009, 29(11):1-3.[QIU Jin-quan, WANG Jing, ZHANG Yu-shan. Applicability of Constructed Wetlands to the Treatment of Wastewater with High Salinity and Its Research Progress[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2009, 29(11):1-3.]
[28] 李佳霖.典型河口区沉积物的硝化和反硝化过程[D]. 青岛:中国海洋大学, 2009.[LI Jia-lin. Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Sediment of Typical Estuarine Sea Area[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2009.]
[29] PIAO Z, ZHANG W W, MA S, et al. Succession of Denitrifying Community Composition in Coastal Wetland Soils along a Salinity Gradient[J]. Pedosphere, 2012, 22(3):367-374.