氮肥施用对西藏青稞产量及氨挥发损失的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了解西藏农田系统氮肥施用对青稞产量和氨挥发氮损失的影响规律，通过田间随机区组试验，设置了N0~N3共4个施氮水平，采用田间原位测定-通气法，研究了土壤氨挥发通量、变化规律及其与产量的关系。结果表明：青稞产量与施氮量呈显著正相关（P<0.05），氮肥贡献率高达32.13%，氮肥农学效益为3.62~4.78 kg· kg^-1。氨挥发总累积量为3.38~21.51 kg·hm^-2，氨挥发导致的氮肥损失率为10.75%~15.49%，与施氮量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）。青稞农田氨挥发主要发生在基肥期，基肥氨挥发周期44 d，第10天开始陆续出现挥发峰，追肥氨挥发集中在施肥后7 d内。综合考虑生产效益和以氨挥发为指标的环境安全，该区域青稞农田纯N建议施用量为：基肥40.02 kg·hm^-2，拔节追肥13.32~26.70 kg·hm^-2，抽穗追肥40.02 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 西藏, 青稞, 施氮水平, 氨挥发, 产量

Abstract: Ammonia volatilization from highland barley fields can contaminate the atmosphere and lead to the reduction of nitrogen use efficiency. Field trials were conducted to estimate the influences of different levels of nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization flux, NH₃ volatilization loss, nitrogen efficiency and grain yield in highland barley farmland ecosystem in Tibet. Results show that the yield of highland barley is significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen application (P<0.05). The contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 32.13%, and the agronomic benefit of nitrogen fertilizer was 3.62-4.78 kg· kg^-1; The total accumulation of ammonia volatilization was 3.38-21.51 kg·hm^-2, The nitrogen loss rate caused by ammonia volatilization was 10.75%-15.49%, which increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application (P<0.01); Ammonia volatilization mainly occurred in the basal fertilizer period, the ammonia volatilization stage of basal fertilizer was 44 days, and the volatilization peak appeared successively on the 10th day, and the ammonia volatilization of topdressing fertilizer was concentrated with 7days after fertilization. Comprehensively considering the production benefits and environmental safety based on ammonia volatilization, it is suggested that the application amount of pure N in this region is 40.02 kg·hm^-2 for base fertilizer, 13.32-26.70 kg·hm^-2 for top-dressing during knotting, 40.02 kg·hm^-2 for top-dressing during heading grain.

Key words: Tibet, highland barley, nitrogen application levels, ammonia volatilization, yield

中图分类号:

李雪, 李荣荣, 侯亚红, 刘国一, 谢永春. 氮肥施用对西藏青稞产量及氨挥发损失的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2020, 36(8): 1006-1014.

LI Xue, LI Rong-rong, HOU Ya-hong, LIU Guo-yi, XIE Yong-chun. Study on the Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on the Yield and Ammonia Volatilization Loss of Highland Barley in Tibet[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2020, 36(8): 1006-1014.

参考文献

[1] 朱兆良,金继运.保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(2):259-273.[ZHU Zhao-liang,JIN Ji-yun.Fertilizer Use and Food Security in China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2013,19(2):259-273.]
[2] 山楠,赵同科,毕晓庆,等.不同施氮水平下小麦田氨挥发规律研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(9):1858-1865.[SHAN Nan,ZHAO Tong-ke,BI Xiao-qing,et al.Ammonia Volatilization From Wheat Soil Under Different Nitrogen Rates[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(9):1858-1865.]
[3] 周旋,吴良欢,董春华.生化抑制剂组合对黄泥田土壤氨挥发及累积特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(4):1081-1088.[ZHOU Xuan,WU Liang-huan,DONG Chun-hua.Effects of Combined Biochemical Inhibitors on Ammonia Volatilization and Cumulation in Yellow Clayey Soil[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2018,37(4):1081-1088.]
[4] 罗伟,程于真,陈竹君,等.日光温室番茄-西瓜轮作系统不同水氮处理氨挥发特征[J].应用生态学报,2019,30(4):1278-1286.[LUO Wei,CHENG Yu-zhen,CHEN Zhu-jun,et al.Ammonia Volatilization Under Different Nitrogen and Water Treatments of Tomato-Watermelon Rotation System in Solar Greenhouse in Losses Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2019,30(4):1278-1286.]
[5] 苏芳,黄彬香,丁新泉,等.不同氮肥形态的氨挥发损失比较[J].土壤,2006,38(6):682-686.[SU Fang,HUANG Bin-xiang,DING Xin-quan,et al.Ammonia Volatilization of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Types[J].Soils,2006,38(6):682-686.]
[6] 巨晓棠,刘学军,邹国元,等.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮素的损失途径分析[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(12):1493-1499.[JU Xiao-tang,LIU Xue-jun,ZOU Guo-yuan,et al.Evaluation of Nitrogen Loss Way in Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(12):1493-1499.]
[7] 薛欣欣,吴小平,张永发,等.控失尿素对稻田氨挥发、氮素转运及利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):133-140.[XUE Xin-xin,WU Xiao-ping,ZHANG Yong-fa,et al.Effects of Loss-Controlled Urea on Ammonia Volatilization,N Translocation and Utilization Efficiency in Paddy Rice[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(1):133-140.]
[8] 许俊香,邹国元,孙钦平,等.腐植酸尿素对土壤氨挥发和玉米生长的影响[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):934-939.[XU Jun-xiang,ZOU Guo-yuan,SUN Qin-ping,et al.Effects of Mixing Humic Acid and Urea on Ammonia Volatilization and Maize Growth[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2013,44(4):934-939.]
[9] SHANG Q Y,GAO C M,YANG X X,et al.Ammonia Volatilization in Chinese Double Rice-Cropping Systems:A 3-Year Field Measurement in Long-Term Fertilizer Experiments[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2014,50(5):715-725.
[10] 曹金留,田光明,任立涛,等.江苏南部地区稻麦两熟土壤中尿素的氨挥发损失[J].南京农业大学学报,2000,23(4):51-54.[CAO Jin-liu,TIAN Guang-ming,REN Li-tao,et al.Ammonia Volatilization From Urea Applied to the Field of Wheat and Rice in Southern Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2000,23(4):51-54.]
[11] 唐良梁,李艳,李恋卿,等.不同施氮量对稻田氨挥发的影响及阈值探究[J].土壤通报,2015,46(5):1232-1239.[TANG Liang-liang,LI Yan,LI Lian-qing,et al.Effect of Different Nitrogen Application Rate on Paddy Ammonia Volatilization and Nitrogen Threshold[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(5):1232-1239.]
[12] WANG H T,KÖBKE S,DITTERT K.Use of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors to Reduce Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions From Fertilizers Containing Ammonium Nitrate and Urea[J].Global Ecology and Conservation,2020,22:e00933.DOI:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00933.
[13] KRUPA S V.Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia (NH₃) on Terrestrial Vegetation:A Review[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(2):179-221.
[14] ERISMAN J W,SUTTON M A,GALLOWAY J,et al.How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(10):636-639.
[15] 邢月,沙之敏,卑志钢,等.不同施肥方式对稻田氨挥发特征的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2019,47(17):313-318.[XING Yue,SHA Zhi-min,BEI Zhi-gang,et al.Effects of Ammonia Volatilization on Different Fertilization Methods in Rice Field[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2019,47(17):313-318.]
[16] 王文林,刘波,韩睿明,等.农业源氨排放影响因素研究进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):870-878.[WANG Wen-lin,LIU Bo,HAN Rui-ming,et al.Review of Researches on Factors Affecting Emission of Ammonia From Agriculture[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):870-878.]
[17] XU Z Z,JIANG Y L,ZHOU G S.Nitrogen Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Climate Change Impacts and Mitigation[J].Environmental Reviews,2016,24(2):132-143.
[18] 宋勇生,范晓晖.稻田氨挥发研究进展[J].生态环境,2003,12(2):240-244.[SONG Yong-sheng,FAN Xiao-hui.Summary of Research on Ammonia Volatilization in Paddy Soil[J].Ecology and Environment,2003,12(2):240-244.]
[19] 李艳,唐良梁,陈义,等.嘉兴地区稻田氨挥发及其影响因素的研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015(5):7-12,71.[LI Yan,TANG Liang-liang,CHEN Yi,et al.Ammonia Volatilization of Rice Cropping Field and Influence Factors in Jiaxing Region[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2015(5):7-12,71.]
[20] 吴凡,张克强,谢坤,等.洱海流域典型农区不同施肥处理下稻田氨挥发变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2019,38(8):1735-1742.[WU Fan,ZHANG Ke-qiang,XIE Kun,et al.Characteristics of Ammonia Volatilization From Rice Paddy Fields Under Different Fertilization Treatments in Typical Agricultural Areas of Erhai Basin[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2019,38(8):1735-1742.]
[21] 田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):893-900.[TIAN Yu-hua,HE Fa-yun,YIN Bin,et al.Ammonia Volatilization From Paddy Fields in the Taihu Lake Region as Affected by N and P Combination in Fertilization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(5):893-900.]
[22] 王珏,巨晓棠,张丽娟,等.华北平原小麦季氮肥氨挥发损失及影响因素研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2009,32(3):5-11.[WANG Jue,JU Xiao-tang,ZHANG Li-juan,et al.Ammonia Volatilization of N Fertilizer and Influencing Factors in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2009,32(3):5-11.]
[23] YAN L,ZHANG Z D,CHEN Y,et al.Effect of Water and Temperature on Ammonia Volatilization of Maize Straw Returning[J].Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry,2016,98(5/6):638-647.
[24] 王森,廖文华,郭巨秋,等.石灰氮对土壤NH₃、N₂O排放的影响[J].环境化学,2019,38(12):2728-2735.[WANG Sen,LIAO Wen-hua,GUO Ju-qiu,et al. Effects of Lime-Nitrogen Application on the Emission of Soil NH₃ and N₂O[J].Environmental Chemistry,2019,38(12):2728-2735.]
[25] LARSEN S,GUNARY D.Ammonia Loss From Ammoniacal Fertilizers Applied to Calcareous Soils[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1962,13(11):566-572.
[26] 达瓦扎西,李少锋.袁氏复合肥料对春青稞生长发育及产量的影响[J].西藏农业科技,2018,40(1):37-39.[DAWAZHAXI,LI Shao-feng.Effect of "Yuanshi" Compound Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Spring Highland Barley[J].Tibet Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2018,40(1):37-39.]
[27] 高雪,辜运富,尼玛扎西,等.西藏青稞根际土壤可培养放线菌的遗传多样性及其促生功能分析[J].四川农业大学学报,2019,37(6):777-784.[GAO Xue,GU Yun-fu,NYIMA Tashi,et al.Analysis of the Genetic Diversity and Promoting Functions of the Culturable Actinomycetes in the Rhizosphere of Highland Barley in Tibet[J].Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2019,37(6):777-784.]
[28] 朱明霞,张玉红,白婷,等.不同施肥水平对青稞籽粒灌浆期淀粉与蛋白积累特性的影响[J].大麦与谷类科学,2019,36(4):39-44,52.[ZHU Ming-xia,ZHANG Yu-hong,BAI Ting,et al.Effects of Fertilizer Application Rate on the Dynamics of Starch and Protein Accumulation in Hulless Barley Grain During Grain Filling Period[J].Barley and Cereal Sciences,2019,36(4):39-44,52.]
[29] 王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定:通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.[WANG Zhao-hui,LIU Xue-jun,JU Xiao-tang,et al.Field in Situ Determination of Ammo Nia Volatilization From Soil:Venting Method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.]
[30] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:143-146.[BAO Shi-dan.Soil Agrochemical Analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000:143-146.]
[31] 胡文静,程顺和,陈甜甜,等.栽培因子对扬麦22产量、品质及氮肥农学利用率的影响[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2018,39(1):86-90.[HU Wen-jing,CHENG Shun-he,CHEN Tian-tian,et al.Effects of Cultivation Techniques on Yield,Quality and Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency of Weak-Gluten Wheat Cultivar Yangmai 22[J].Journal of Yangzhou University (Agricultural and Life Science Edition),2018,39(1):86-90.]
[32] 刘国一,尼玛扎西,尼玛扎西,等.不同施氮量对青稞产量的影响[J].西藏农业科技,2013,35(3):17-20.[LIU Guo-yi,NIMA Zha-xi,NIMA Zha-xi,et al.The Study on Barley Production Under Different Nitrogen Levels[J].Tibet Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2013,35(3):17-20.]
[33] YANG Q L,LIU P,DONG S T,et al.Effects of Fertilizer Type and Rate on Summer Maize Grain Yield and Ammonia Volatilization Loss in Northern China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2019,19(5):2200-2211.
[34] 邬刚,袁嫚嫚,曹哲伟,等.不同水氮管理条件下稻田氨挥发损失特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2019,35(5):651-658.[WU Gang,YUAN Man-man,CAO Zhe-wei,et al.Ammonia Volatilization Under Different Water Management and Nitrogen Schemes in a Paddy Field[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2019,35(5):651-658.]
[35] 俞映倞,薛利红,杨林章.太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1682-1689.[YU Ying-liang,XUE Li-hong,YANG Lin-zhang.Ammonia Volatilization from Paddy Fields Under Different Nitrogen Schemes in Tai Lake Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(8):1682-1689.]
[36] 王淳,周卫,李祖章,等.不同施氮量下双季稻连作体系土壤氨挥发损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(2):349-358.[WANG Chun,ZHOU Wei,LI Zu-zhang,et al.Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Rates on Ammonia Volatilization From Paddy Fields Under Double-Harvest Rice System[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(2):349-358.]
[37] 杨晓云,杨虎德.不同施肥条件下甘肃夏玉米农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(5):79-88.[YANG Xiao-yun,YANG Hu-de.The Ammonia Volatilization of Anthropogenic-Alluvial Soil in Summer Maize Farmland Under Different Fertilization Methods in Gansu Province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(5):79-88.]
[38] 肖娇,樊建凌,叶桂萍,等.不同施肥处理下小麦季潮土氨挥发损失及其影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):2011-2018.[XIAO Jiao,FAN Jian-ling,YE Gui-ping,et al.Ammonia Volatilization From Fluvo-Aquic Clay Soil and Its Influencing Factors During Wheat Growing Season Under Different Fertilization[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(10):2011-2018.]
[39] 杨淑莉,朱安宁,张佳宝,等.不同施氮量和施氮方式下田间氨挥发损失及其影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(3):415-421.[YANG Shu-li,ZHU An-ning,ZHANG Jia-bao,et al.Ammonia Volatilization Loss and Its Affecting Factors Under Different Amounts and Ways of N Application in Field[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(3):415-421.]
[40] MA B,WU T,TREMBLAY N,et al.On-Farm Assessment of the Amount and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Ammonia Volatilization[J].Agronomy Journal,2010,102(1):134-144.
[41] HOU H,ZHOU S,HOSOMI M,et al.Ammonia Emissions From Anaerobically-Digested Slurry and Chemical Fertilizer Applied to Flooded Forage Rice[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2007,183(1/2/3/4):37-48.
[42] ZHANG J S,ZHANG F P,YANG J H,et al.Emissions of N₂O and NH₃,and Nitrogen Leaching From Direct Seeded Rice Under Different Tillage Practices in Central China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2011,140(1/2):164-173.
[43] 王成,陈波浪,玉素甫江·玉素音,等.不同施氮水平对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发损失的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2019(2):46-53.[WANG Cheng,CHEN Bo-lang,YUSUFUJIANG Yusuyin,et al.Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Soil Ammonia Volatilization Loss in Korla Fragrant Pear Orchard[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2019(2):46-53.]
[44] 王磊,董树亭,刘鹏,等.水氮互作对冬小麦田氨挥发损失和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(6):1919-1927.[WANG Lei,DONG Shu-ting,LIU Peng,et al.The Interactive Effects of Water and Nitrogen Addition on Ammonia Volatilization Loss and Yield of Winter Wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(6):1919-1927.]
[45] 陆晓松,于东升,徐志超,等.土壤肥力质量与施氮量对小麦氮肥利用效率的综合定量关系研究[J].土壤学报,2019,56(2):487-494.[LU Xiao-song,YU Dong-sheng,XU Zhi-chao,et al.Study on Comprehensive Quantitative Relationship of Soil Fertility Quality and Nitrogen Application Rate With Wheat Nitrogen Use Efficiency[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2019,56(2):487-494.]