东北三省种植业氮流失风险评价

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2021.0189

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 东北地区是我国重要的粮食生产基地,垦殖率为38.58%,水田和旱地面积比例约为1∶4.75。近年来,单位面积化肥投入不断增加,农业活动带来的非点源污染威胁越来越严重。以东北3省为研究区,考虑降水年型差异和不同农田水媒氮流失途径,构建符合区域特点的氮流失风险评价体系,分析该地区氮流失风险及主要影响因子,重点探究作物类型和降水年型对氮流失的影响。结果显示,极高、高风险区主要集中在吉林省中部、辽宁省中南部和黑龙江省中东部。超过80%的水田属于极高、高风险区,远超旱地相应比例(35%),水田区域具有更高的流失风险。在中风险区以上级别区域内旱地面积占比最大,其氮流失风险占主导地位;尤其是玉米,其种植面积占比最大。不同降水年型东北3省氮流失风险县级分布有显著差异,丰水年对氮流失风险的影响较平水年和枯水年明显。通过氮流失风险及因子分布聚类将东北3省地级市分为4类,其中,需要优先管控的地级市为长春、盘锦、辽源、沈阳、四平和锦州。确定了东北3省氮流失风险的关键区域及其主要特征,以期为东北3省农田管理和非点源污染防治提供参考。

关键词: 氮流失, 风险评估, 影响因子, 不同降水年型, 中国东北

Abstract: Northeast China is an important national grain production base with a cultivation rate of 38.58%, and the ratio of paddy fields to dry land is about 1:4.75. In recent years, the amount of chemical fertilizer input per unit area has kept rising, and the threat of non-point source pollution caused by agricultural activities has become more and more serious. In this study, a nitrogen loss risk assessment system was constructed for the three northeastern provinces by considering the difference in annual rainfall pattern and various ways of nitrogen loss from farmland to water. The distribution characteristics of nitrogen loss risk in this region and the main influencing factors are analyzed, and the influence of crop type and precipitation type on the distribution of nitrogen loss are discussed. The results show that the areas of "extremely high risk" and "high risk" concentrate in central Jilin Province, central and southern Liaoning Province, and central and eastern Heilongjiang Province. More than 80% of paddy fields are extremely high or high risk areas, whereas 35% of dry land are at high risk. It shows that paddy fields have a higher risk potential for nitrogen loss. Dry land accounts for the largest proportion among the medium and higher risk areas, and contribute dominant nitrogen loss risk, especially for corn as it accounts for the largest planting area. There are significant differences in the distribution of nitrogen loss risk at county level under different precipitation types. Compared with normal and dry years, wet years have more obvious impact on the distribution of nitrogen loss risk. The cities in the study area were divided into 4 groups. Among them, the group that need priority control includes Changchun, Panjin, Liaoyuan, Shenyang, Siping and Jinzhou. This study identifies the key areas and their characteristics of nitrogen loss in northeast China, and provides reference for agriculture management and non-point source pollution prevention.

Key words: nitrogen loss, risk assessment, impact factor, annual rainfall pattern, northeast China

中图分类号:

X522

黄洁钰, 南哲, 商学棽, 王晓燕, 杜伊. 东北三省种植业氮流失风险评价[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(5): 660-669.

HUANG Jie-yu, NAN Zhe, SHANG Xue-shen, WANG Xiao-yan, DU Yi. Risk Assessment on Nitrogen Loss from Crop Farming in the Three Northeastern Provinces of China[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2022, 38(5): 660-669.

参考文献

[1] LIU L Y,ZHENG X Q,PENG C F,et al.Driving Forces and Future Trends on Total Nitrogen Loss of Planting in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2020,267:115660.
[2] MA Q,LI S L,XU Z Q,et al.Changes in N Supply Pathways under Different Long-term Fertilization Regimes in Northeast China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2020,201:104609.
[3] WU Y H,LIU J Z,SHEN R F,et al.Mitigation of Nonpoint Source Pollution in Rural Areas:From Control to Synergies of Multi Ecosystem Services[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,607/608:1376-1380.
[4] 朱康文,陈玉成,杨志敏,等.基于文献定量法的农业面源污染风险评估研究动态[J].生态与农村环境学报,2020,36(4):425-432.[ZHU Kang-wen,CHEN Yu-cheng,YANG Zhi-min,et al.Research Trends of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Risk Assessment Based on Bibliometric Method[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2020,36(4):425-432.]
[5] 孙铖,周华真,陈磊,等.东北三省农田化肥氮地下淋溶污染等级评估[J].农业资源与环境学报,2018,35(5):405-411.[SUN Cheng,ZHOU Hua-zhen,CHEN Lei,et al.Pollution Grade Assessment of Nitrogen Leaching from Farmland Fertilizer in Three Northeastern Provinces[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2018,35(5):405-411.]
[6] OLIVERAS-BERROCALES M,SOTOMAYOR-RAMÍREZ D,DELGADO J A,et al.The New Caribbean Nitrogen Index to Assess Nitrogen Dynamics in Vegetable Production Systems in Southwestern Puerto Rico[J].International Soil and Water Conservation Research,2017,5(1):69-75.
[7] DREWRY J J,NEWHAM L T H,GREENE R S B.Index Models to Evaluate the Risk of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss at Catchment Scales[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(3):639-649.
[8] LIAN H S,LEI Q L,ZHANG X Y,et al.Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Long-term Changes of Nitrogen Budget in a Plain River Network Region:A Case Study in the Taihu Basin[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,645:1212-1220.
[9] LEMUNYON J L,GILBERT R G.The Concept and Need for a Phosphorus Assessment Tool[J].Journal of Production Agriculture,1993,6(4):483-486.
[10] BECHMANN M,STÅLNACKE P,KVÆRNØ S,et al.Integrated Tool for Risk Assessment in Agricultural Management of Soil Erosion and Losses of Phosphorus and Nitrogen[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(2):749-759.
[11] YE H M,YUAN X Y,HAN L,et al.Risk Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in a Hilly-plain Watershed Based on the Different Hydrological Period:A Case Study in Tiaoxi Watershed[J].Sustainability,2017,9(8):1493.
[12] 张平,高阳昕,刘云慧,等.基于氮磷指数的小流域氮磷流失风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(增刊1):1018-1025.[ZHANG Ping,GAO Yang-xin,LIU Yun-hui,et al.Identification on the Risk of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss at Small Watershed Based on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Index[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(Suppl. 1):1018-1025.]
[13] ZHANG W,MA Y,LU Q,et al.Nutrient Loss from Farmland:Research on and Application of Phosphorus Index Method[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,16(2):262-265.
[14] HUANG Y L,HUANG J L,ERVINIA A,et al.Land Use and Climate Variability Amplifies Watershed Nitrogen Exports in Coastal China[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2021,207:104428.
[15] ZHANG S H,HOU X N,WU C S,et al.Impacts of Climate and Planting Structure Changes on Watershed Runoff and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss[J].Science of the Total Environment,2020,706:134489.
[16] FU J,WU Y L,WANG Q H,et al.Importance of Subsurface Fluxes of Water,Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Rice Paddy Fields Relative to Surface Runoff[J].Agricultural Water Management,2019,213:627-635.
[17] 夏永秋,杨旺鑫,施卫明,等.我国集约化种植业面源氮发生量估算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(9):782-787.[XIA Yong-qiu,YANG Wang-xin,SHI Wei-ming,et al.Estimation of Non-point Source N Emission in Intensive Cropland of China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(9):782-787.]
[18] KALKHOFF S J,HUBBARD L E,TOMER M D,et al.Effect of Variable Annual Precipitation and Nutrient Input on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transport from Two Midwestern Agricultural Watersheds[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,559:53-62.
[19] LIANG L Q,LI L J,LIU Q.Precipitation Variability in Northeast China from 1961 to 2008[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,404(1/2):67-76.
[20] 祝惠,阎百兴.三江平原水田氮的侧渗输出研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):108-112.[ZHU Hui,YAN Bai-xing.Export of Nitrogen by Lateral Seepage from Paddy Field in Sanjiang Plain[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):108-112.]
[21] 阎百兴,欧洋,祝惠.东北黑土区农业面源污染特征及防治对策[J].环境与可持续发展,2019,44(2):31-34.[YAN Bai-xing,OU Yang,ZHU Hui.Characteristics and Prevention Countermeasure of Agricultural NPS in Black Soil Region of Northeast China[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2019,44(2):31-34.]
[22] 黑龙江省统计局,国家统计局黑龙江调查总队.黑龙江统计年鉴(2015-2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015-2018.
[23] 辽宁省统计局,国家统计局辽宁调查总队.辽宁统计年鉴(2015-2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015-2018.
[24] 吉林省统计局,国家统计局吉林调查总队.吉林统计年鉴(2015-2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015-2018.
[25] CECCHI G,MUNAFÒ M,BAIOCCO F,et al.Estimating River Pollution from Diffuse Sources in the Viterbo Province Using the Potential Non-point Pollution Index[J].Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita,2007,43(3):295-301.
[26] 张汪寿,耿润哲,王晓燕,等.基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区:以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(1):258-266.[ZHANG Wang-shou,GENG Run-zhe,WANG Xiao-yan,et al.Assessment and Zoning of Non-point Source Pollution by Multi-criteria Analysis:A Case Study in the Watershed of Beizhai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(1):258-266.]
[27] CHEN J,YANG S T,LI H W,et al.Research on Geographical Environment Unit Division Based on the Method of Natural Breaks (Jenks)[J].The International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,2013,XL-4/W3:47-50.
[28] 王森,朱昌雄,耿兵.土壤氮磷流失途径的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(33):22-25.[WANG Sen,ZHU Chang-xiong,GENG Bing.Research Advancement in Loss Pathways of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Soils[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(33):22-25.]
[29] 康日峰,任意,吴会军,等.26年来东北黑土区土壤养分演变特征[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(11):2113-2125.[KANG Ri-feng,REN Yi,WU Hui-jun,et al.Changes in the Nutrients and Fertility of Black Soil over 26 Years in Northeast China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(11):2113-2125.]
[30] 王新忠,王熙,汪春,等.黑龙江垦区大豆变量施肥播种应用试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(5):143-146,315.[WANG Xin-zhong,WANG Xi,WANG Chun,et al.Application Test of Soybean Sowing by Variable Fertilization Seeder in Heilongjiang Reclamation Areas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2008,24(5):143-146,315.]
[31] 姬景红,李玉影,刘双全,等.黑龙江省春玉米的优化施肥研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014(5):53-58.[JI Jing-hong,LI Yu-ying,LIU Shuang-quan,et al.Optimized Fertilization of Spring Maize in Heilongjiang Province[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2014(5):53-58.]
[32] 黄绍文,唐继伟,李春花,等.我国蔬菜化肥减施潜力与科学施用对策[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1480-1493.[HUANG Shao-wen,TANG Ji-wei,LI Chun-hua,et al.Reducing Potential of Chemical Fertilizers and Scientific Fertilization Countermeasure in Vegetable Production in China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(6):1480-1493.]
[33] WISCHMEIER W,SMITH D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:A Guide To Conservation Planning[J].Agriculture Handbooks (USA),1978,537:62.
[34] GUO S L,ZHU H H,DANG T H,et al.Winter Wheat Grain Yield Associated with Precipitation Distribution under Long-term Nitrogen Fertilization in the Semiarid Loess Plateau in China[J].Geoderma,2012,189/190:442-450.
[35] 成杰民,宋涛,李彦.基于GIS的南四湖沿岸农业面源氮磷负荷估算研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(3):284-288.[CHENG Jie-min,SONG Tao,LI Yan.Estimation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading of Agricultural Non-point Sources along Nansi Lake Based on GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(3):284-288.]
[36] 任天志,刘宏斌,范先鹏,等.全国农田面源污染排放系数手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2015:23-83.
[37] ZHANG Y J,YU Q.Identification of Current Research Intensity and Influence Factors of Agricultural Nitrogen Loss from Cropping Systems[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,276:123308.
[38] 李红莉,张卫峰,张福锁,等.中国主要粮食作物化肥施用量与效率变化分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1136-1143.[LI Hong-li,ZHANG Wei-feng,ZHANG Fu-suo,et al.Chemical Fertilizer Use and Efficiency Change of Main Grain Crops in China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(5):1136-1143.]
[39] WANG R,MIN J,KRONZUCKER H J,et al.N and P Runoff Losses in China's Vegetable Production Systems:Loss Characteristics,Impact,and Management Practices[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,663:971-979.
[40] WOLF K A,GUPTA S C,ROSEN C J.Precipitation Drives Nitrogen Load Variability in Three Iowa Rivers[J].Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,2020,30:100705.
[41] WANG W Y,YUAN J C,GAO S M,et al.Conservation Tillage Enhances Crop Productivity and Decreases Soil Nitrogen Losses in a Rainfed Agroecosystem of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,274:122854.
[42] NAN Z,WANG X Y,DU Y,et al.Critical Period and Pathways of Water Borne Nitrogen Loss from a Rice Paddy in Northeast China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2021,753:142116.
[43] WANYAMA J,HERREMANS K,MAETENS W,et al.Effectiveness of Tropical Grass Species as Sediment Filters in the Riparian Zone of Lake Victoria[J].Soil Use and Management,2012,28(3):409-418.