矿区生态修复目标与模式研究

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2022.0196

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 生态修复和污染治理是生态环境质量改善的重要手段,而生态环境投入是关键影响因素。多年来,矿山生态修复长期处于"被动应对多,主动作为少"的状态,部分地区还存在违背自然规律的矿区生态修复形式主义问题,其根本原因不仅仅是生态环境投入少,更重要的是生态修复目标不明确和监管标准缺失。该研究围绕新时期生态文明建设和区域可持续发展需求,结合长期工程实践和典型案例,首先,基于生态环境协同治理视角从环境边界上重新界定了矿区范围,认为矿区范围应包括生态破坏区和环境污染的直接影响区,其边界远大于传统意义上的矿界范围,提出了矿区综合体的概念,包括自然资源子系统、生态环境子系统和社会经济子系统;其次,辨析了土地整治、植被恢复与矿山生态修复的区别与联系,结合协同治理理论和"山水林田湖草是生命共同体"理念,阐释了矿区生态修复目标的定义与内涵,包括矿区综合体、生态系统和场地3个尺度,地方政府和矿山企业2个责任主体,即"三尺度两主体";最后,分类提出了矿区生态修复模式及其特点,包括景观相似性恢复模式、土地复垦再利用模式、自然公园营造模式和生态环境导向的开发(EOD)模式4大类。资源型城市生态安全和人居环境健康是生态文明建设的难点,研究结果从理论与实践层面解答了矿区生态修复目标科学制定、生态环境协同治理和区域可持续发展存在的困惑,对分类推进基于自然解决方案的生态保护修复、社会-经济-自然复合生态系统一体化修复和矿区生态环境监管具有重要意义。

关键词: 生态修复, 目标, 模式, 矿区, 矿山, 协同治理

Abstract: Ecological restoration and pollution control are effective measures to improve the eco-environmental quality, while the investment on ecological restoration and environmental governance plays a key factor. For a long time, ecological restoration in mining areas has been exhibited the phenomenon of ‘more passive responses and less active actions’, the reasons including lack of investment for eco-environmental governance, unclear targets of ecological restoration and the lack of regulatory standards all have led to the appearance of formalism in the ecological restoration of mining areas that violate the laws of nature in some regions. Focused on the needs of ecological civilization construction and regional sustainable development in the new era, we redefined the scope of the mining area from the perspective of ecological and environmental synergistic governance combined with long-term engineering practice and typical cases. It is pointed out that the scope of the mining area should include the areas of ecological damage and the areas with direct influence of environmental pollution, which is much larger than only the mine pit area. In this paper it is also put forward that the concept of mining complex should include natural resource subsystem, eco-environment subsystem and socio-economic subsystem. The differences and connections between land consolidation, vegetation recovery and ecological restoration are analyzed, and the definition and connotation of ecological restoration targets in mining areas are clarified based on the theory of synergistic governance and the concept of life community of Mountain-River-Forest-Farmland-Lake-Grass System. The targets of ecological restoration in mining areas include two responsible bodies including local government and mining enterprises for eco-environment governance, and three scales including mining complex, ecosystem and site. Finally, the patterns and characteristics of the ecological restoration in the mining area are proposed, including four categories:natural landscape similarity restoration mode, land reclamation and reuse mode, natural park construction mode and ecology-oriented development (EOD) mode. Among them, sustainable restoration modes include garden landscape, wetland park, green mine construction, geological relic protection, mine park construction, etc. Ecological security and the health of the human settlement environment in resource-based cities are the focal points in the construction of ecological civilization, this research gives the answers to the confusion in the scientific formulation of ecological restoration targets in mining areas, the synergistic governance of ecological restoration and environmental pollution, and the sustainable development of the region from the theoretical and practical levels, it is of great significance for classifying and promoting ‘ecological conservation and restoration based on natural solutions’, ‘integrated restoration of social-economic-natural complex ecosystems’ and ‘eco-environment supervision in mining areas’.

Key words: ecological restoration, target, mode, mining area, mine, synergistic governance

中图分类号:

李海东, 胡国长, 燕守广. 矿区生态修复目标与模式研究[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(8): 963-971.

LI Hai-dong, HU Guo-chang, YAN Shou-guang. Target and Modes of Ecological Restoration in Mining Areas[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2022, 38(8): 963-971.

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