降低水稻籽粒镉砷累积的研究进展

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2021.0244

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 矿山开采、废弃物排放及污水灌溉等引发区域农田土壤重金属污染,并通过食物链富集、传递,严重威胁人类健康。水稻是重要主食,且极易吸收镉(Cd)和砷(As),已成为Cd、As进入人体的主要膳食来源。因此,通过调控措施降低水稻籽粒Cd、As含量,对保障水稻及其制成品的食用安全与人体健康具有重要的现实意义。概述了降低水稻Cd、As含量的调控措施,主要包括:(1)利用生物质炭、铁盐、肥料等材料钝化土壤中Cd、As,降低其生物有效性,从而降低水稻Cd、As吸收;(2)外源添加硫(S)可消除植物的膜脂过氧化胁迫,促进水稻体内植物络合素等非蛋白巯基形成,将Cd固定在水稻组织器官液泡中,减少其向籽粒的转移,降低籽粒Cd积累;(3)外源添加硅(Si),Si可与亚砷酸盐(As³⁺)形成吸收竞争,降低水稻As吸收;(4)控制稻田水分可改变根际土壤氧化还原状态,影响水稻Cd、As吸收积累,同时根系泌氧促进根表铁膜形成,调控土壤氧化还原状态促进As氧化为砷酸盐(As⁵⁺),增强根表对As⁵⁺的吸附固定,从而降低水稻对As的吸收量;(5)调控转运蛋白表达,敲除Mn转运蛋白基因OsNRAMP5、茎/叶细胞质转运蛋白基因OsLCT1,以及缺失Si外排转运蛋白基因Lsi2,过表达OsHMA3n、OsHMA2、ScAcr3p基因,通过促进As³⁺外排、降低Cd/As³⁺向木质部和籽粒转运等过程降低籽粒Cd、As积累;(6) Cd/As 低累积品种的筛选与培育。通过农艺措施、基因工程、种质资源筛选等多手段结合运用,选育Cd/As低累积、高产量的水稻品种,合理规划种植模式,有效控制水稻对Cd和As的吸收累积,为中、轻度污染土壤的水稻安全生产提供现实可能。

关键词: 水稻, 土壤污染, 镉, 砷, 调控措施, 转运蛋白, 低累积品种, 食品安全

Abstract: Heavy metals pollution in farmland soils induced by mining, waste discharge and sewage irrigation can be concentrated and transported via the food chain, thereby posing great risks to human health. Rice is an important staple food, which however, is readily to uptake and accumulate cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) from contaminated soils, rendering it to be a main dietary source of As and Cd of humans. Therefore, exploring strategies to reduce Cd and As content in rice grains has practical importance to ensure food safety and human health. Ways and strategies to reduce Cd and As in rice grains are reviewed, including:(1) Passivate Cd and As by adding biochar, iron salts and fertilizer in paddy soils, decrease their bioavailability and thus the uptake by rice; (2) Eliminate membrane lipid peroxidation stress and promote the formation of non-protein thiol in rice via external application of sulfur (S), fix Cd in vacuoles of rice tissues and reduce its transport to grains, thus reduce Cd accumulation in grains; (3) External application of silicon (Si) to compete with arsenite (As³⁺) for rice uptake of As; (4) Manipulate redox state in rhizosphere by changing water content in rice field, thereby affect the uptake and accumulation of Cd and As in rice. Root oxygen secretion can promote the formation of iron film on rice root surface, facilitate As oxidation into arsenate (As⁵⁺) by changing soil redox state, thereby enhance the adsorption and fixation of As⁵⁺ on root surface to reduce its uptake by rice; (5) Regulate the expression of transporters, i. e., knock out Mn transporter[STBX]OsNRAMP5 or stem/leaf cytoplasmic transporter OsLCT1, silence Si efflux transporter Lsi2, and overexpress OsHMA3n, OsHMA2, and ScAcr3p[STBZ] transporters can reduce Cd and As accumulation in rice grains by promoting root As³⁺ efflux and reducing Cd/As³⁺ translocation to xylem and grain; (6) Screen and cultivate low Cd/As accumulation species. Through the combination of agronomic measures, genetic engineering, and germplasm resource screening, rice species with low Cd/As accumulation and high yield can be selected. Besides, reasonable planning of planting patterns can help to decrease Cd/As uptake and accumulation in rice. The information provide supports for safe production of rice in slight-moderate contaminated soils.

Key words: rice, soil contamination, cadmium, arsenic, manipulate method, transporter, low accumulation species, food safety

中图分类号:

张慧娟, 苏奇倩, 丁豪杰, 李晓锋, 徐其静, Rensing Christopher, 刘雪. 降低水稻籽粒镉砷累积的研究进展[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(7): 827-838.

ZHANG Hui-juan, SU Qi-qian, DING Hao-jie, LI Xiao-feng, XU Qi-jing, Rensing Christopher, LIU Xue. Research Progress on Reducing Cadmium and Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grains[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2022, 38(7): 827-838.

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