生物炭对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2021.0313

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 生物炭是生物质材料在部分或完全无氧条件下,经热裂解形成的高度芳香化的难溶固体。施用生物炭可改变土壤理化性质,强烈影响土壤微生物的栖息环境,影响土壤固氮微生物、硝化微生物和反硝化微生物的群落结构及活性,进而影响土壤氮循环的主要过程(固氮、硝化、反硝化等)。该研究综述了施用生物炭对土壤氮循环主要过程及微生物功能基因的影响,结果表明,施用生物炭改善了土壤的透气性,提高了土壤pH值,增加了土壤碳和养分的有效性,可使土壤固氮量提高15%~227%,土壤硝化速率提高28%~200%,但土壤氨挥发累积量减少20%~73%,土壤N₂O排放累积量减少11%~78%。此外,生物炭的施用提高了nifH、amoA的基因丰度,进而促进土壤的固氮作用和硝化作用。生物炭的施用还提高了土壤nosZ等基因的丰度以及N₂O还原酶的活性,有利于土壤反硝化作用(N₂O最终转化为N₂),抑制N₂O的排放,且这种效应随着生物炭施用量的增加而增强。此外,生物炭对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响取决于生物炭原料和试验条件,不同调控基因对土壤氮循环过程的贡献不一。生物炭介导下,土壤pH值增大,养分有效性增强,氨氧化细菌(AOB)对土壤硝化作用的贡献可能比氨氧化古菌(AOA)更大。且与其他调控基因(narG、nirS、nirK)相比,nosZ基因对于土壤反硝化作用似乎更为重要。因此,仍需深入研究施用生物炭对土壤微生物氮循环功能基因的影响,尤其是不同功能基因对氮循环过程的贡献大小及其影响因素,进而深化对土壤微生物氮循环功能基因的认识。

关键词: 生物炭, 土壤氮循环, 土壤微生物, 功能基因

Abstract: Biochar is a kind of highly aromatized insoluble solid matter produced by pyrolysis of biomass materials under partially or completely anaerobic conditions. Biochar application can change soil physical and chemical properties, strongly affect the habitat of soil microorganisms, influence the community structure and activity of microbes for soil nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification, and thus affect the main processes of soil nitrogen cycle (nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, etc.). This paper reviews the published literaturerelated to the effects of biochar application on the main processes of soil nitrogen cycle and their microbial functional genes. The analysis results indicate that biochar application improves soil permeability, raises soil pH value and the effectiveness of soil carbon and nutrients, and significantly increases soil N fixation by 15%-227%, soil nitrification rate by 28%-200% respectively. But it reduces 20%-73% of the total soil ammonia volatilization accumulation and 11%-78% of the soil N₂O emission accumulation. In addition, biochar application increased the gene abundance of nifH and amoA and then promotes nitrogen fixation and nitrification in the soil, The biochar application also increases the gene abundance such as nosZ and the activity of N₂O reductase fittable for the denitrification of soil (final conversion of N₂O to N₂) and suppressed N₂O emissions. And this effect will become stronger with the increase of biochar application rate. Furthermore, impact of biochar application on the soil nitrogen cycling and its functional microorganisms depend on the types of biochar raw materials and production conditions. Different kind of regulatory genes have different contributions to the soil nitrogen cycling. Under the action of biochar, the soil pH value and nutrient availability increases, and AOB may contribute more to soil nitrification than AOA. Compared with other regulatory genes (narG, nirS, nirK), the gene nosZ seems to be more important for the soil denitrification. Therefore, t is necessary to further explore the effects of the biochar application on microbial functional genes for soil nitrogen cycling, especially the specific contribution of different kinds of functional genes to the nitrogen cycling process and factors influencing them in order to deepen the identification of them.

Key words: biochar, soil Nitrogen cycling, soil microorganisms, functional genes

中图分类号:

S156.2

王翰琨, 吴永波, 刘俊萍, 薛建辉. 生物炭对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(6): 689-701.

WANG Han-kun, WU Yong-bo, LIU Jun-ping, XUE Jian-hui. A Review of Research Advances in the Effects of Biochar on Soil Nitrogen Cycling and Its Functional Microorganisms[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2022, 38(6): 689-701.

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