高氮负荷沼液灌溉对紫色土氮素积累、淋溶和微生物多样性的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0923

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 沼液还田是畜禽养殖粪污消纳的重要方式，但也会增加氮素流失引起的面源污染风险。采用沼液高负荷灌溉土柱试验方法，设计等量一次灌溉（T1）、等量分次灌溉（T2）和等量一次灌溉种植黑麦草（T3）3个处理，以复合肥（CK1）和无肥灌溉（CK2）为对照，持续灌溉78 d，考察土壤氮素积累，同时收集土柱底部的下渗液以监测沼液灌溉后的氮素淋溶情况；采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法分析高负荷沼液灌溉后土壤微生物多样性及群落结构。在沼液灌溉前期3种处理方式均很快表现为氮素在土壤上层（0~20 cm）和中层（>20~40 cm）积累，仅在灌溉后期（78 d），沼液灌溉处理才表现为下层（>40~60 cm）土壤氮素积累。在氮素淋溶方面，虽然T1、T2处理氮素淋溶在灌溉42、60 d时出现激增，但比CK1出现氮淋溶激增的时间分别延迟6、24 d；T3处理并未观测到氮素淋溶的激增。T1、T2和T3处理淋溶液硝态氮含量在灌溉60 d时达到峰值，且淋溶液中硝态氮占总氮比例远高于铵态氮。土壤微生物Chao 1指数由大到小依次为T3、T1、CK1、CK2和T2，Shannon指数由大到小依次为CK2、T3、T1、T2和CK1。样本距离热图结果显示，T2处理与其他处理的距离最远。费舍尔精确检验结果表明，T2处理鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas）相对丰度显著降低，norank_o__Saccharimonadales相对丰度显著提高。种植作物可以延缓氮素向地下水的迁移，降低氮淋失风险；与施复合肥相比，沼液灌溉能提升土壤微生物群落物种丰富度和多样性，其中，以种植黑麦草的沼液灌溉处理为最明显；等量分次沼液灌溉对微生物群落结构影响最大。

关键词: 沼液, 氮, 土壤, 淋溶, 微生物

Abstract: Liquid digestate returning to the field is an important method for the disposal of animal manure and wastewater, but it will also increase the risk of soil and water nitrogen pollution. In this work, liquid digestate was used to irrigate the soil column for 78 days to investigate the changes in soil nitrogen accumulation and in leaching solutions at the bottom of the soil column as well as the changes of soil microbial diversity and community structure. Several testing conditions were set as equal amount liquid digestate irrigation by one-time (T1), equal amount liquid digestate irrigation divided into 6 times (T2), planting ryegrass under equal amount liquid digestate irrigation by one-time (T3), with field compound fertilizer (CK1) and water (CK2). The nitrogen accumulation in the soil surface layer (0-20 cm) and middle layer (>20-40 cm) could be shown in all the three treatments in the early stage of liquid digestate irrigation, and till the late stage (78 d), the nitrogen accumulation in the lower layer (>40-60 cm) was shown in the irrigation treatment of liquid digestate. In terms of nitrogen leaching, there was a surge at 42 and 60 d for T1 and T2, while the cumulative irrigation amount was 6 and 24 days later than that of the field compound fertilizer treatment, respectively. However, the surge of nitrogen leaching was not observed in T3. The nitrate nitrogen content of leaching solution under T1, T2 and T3 treatments reached the peak value after 60 d of irrigation. The ratio of nitrate nitrogen to the total nitrogen in the leaching solution was much higher than the ratio of ammonium nitrogen to the total nitrogen. Soil microorganism Chao 1 index was ordered as:T3 > T1 > CK1 > CK2 > T2; and Shannon index:CK2 > T3 > T1 > T2 > CK1. The results of the heatmap show that T2 was the farthest from other treatments. Fisher's exact test results show that the relative abundance of Sphingomonas in T2 treatment was significantly lower than those in the rest treatments, while the relative abundance of norank_o__Saccharimonadales was significantly higher. Overall, planting crops can delay nitrogen migration to groundwater and reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching. Compared with compound fertilizer, liquid digestate irrigation can improve the species richness and diversity of the soil microbial community, especially for the T3 treatment. The irrigation of liquid digestate in the equal amount and divided times has the most obvious influence on the structure of microbial communities.

Key words: liquid digestate, nitrogen, soil, leachate, microorganism

中图分类号:

王康婷, 伍福琳, 周忠波, 陈玉成. 高氮负荷沼液灌溉对紫色土氮素积累、淋溶和微生物多样性的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(11): 1487-1496.

WANG Kang-ting, WU Fu-lin, ZHOU Zhong-bo, CHEN Yu-cheng. Effects of High Nitrogen Load Liquid Digestate Irrigation on Nitrogen Accumulation, Leaching and Microbial Diversity in Purple Soil[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(11): 1487-1496.

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